Lower facial remodeling with botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of masseter hypertrophy

BACKGROUND: Masseter hypertrophy has been treated with botulinum toxin injections because of esthetic complaints especially in Asians. OBJECTIVES: The goal of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of abobotulin toxin use in masseter hipertrophy treatment in Brazilians. METHODS: Ten Brazilian female patients with masseter hypertrophy were subjected to injections of 90U of abobotulinum toxin A applied on each side respecting the safety zone stabilished in literature and were followed up for 24 weeks. RESULTS: When analyzing the coefficients between measures of middle and lower third of the face obtained from standardized photographs, an increase was observed, with statistical significance at 2 weeks (p=0.005) and 12 weeks (p=0.001). The progression of lower third reduction was 3.94%, 5.26%, 11.99%, and 5.47% (2, 4, 12, and 24 weeks respectively). All patients showed improvement in bruxism after treatment. Observed adverse effects were masticatory fatigue, smile limitation, and smile asymmetry. CONCLUSION: The use of abobotulinum toxin A for masseter hypertrophy is effective in Brazilians and reached its maximum effect of facial thinning at 12 weeks. Smile limitation had a higher incidence compared to that reported in the literature and may result from risorius muscle blockage caused by toxin dissemination. Despite its side effects, 80% of the patients would like to repeat the treatment. .

Change of Distribution and Timing of Bite Force after Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection Evaluated by a Computerized Occlusion Analysis System

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the force distribution and pattern of mastication after injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) into both masseter muscles. The hypothesis to be tested was that the difference between right and left balance of occlusal force diminishes over time following BTX-A injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients were submitted to BTX-A injection therapy for subjective masseter hypertrophy. A total of 25 U of BTX-A (50 U in total) was injected into two points located 1 cm apart at the center of the lower one-third of both masseter muscles. All patients were examined using the T-Scan occlusion analysis system before and 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after BTX-A injection. RESULTS: A significant change in force balance was found between the right and left sides over time and the difference between the two sides decreased with the time post-injection, reaching a minimum at 12 weeks. Comparison of the force balance between the anterior and posterior occlusions revealed no significant difference at any of the time points. The occlusion and disclusion times (right and left sides) did not differ significantly with time since BTX-A injection. CONCLUSION: A decline in the difference in the clenching force between the left and right sides was found with increasing time up to 12 weeks following BTX-A injection.

Hidroclorotiazida y espironolactona reducen la hipertrofia de la pared aórtica en la hipertensión arterial experimental / Diuretics are important and effective antihypertensive agents: however, there are a few studies assessing its role on the arterial wall remodelling in hypertension

Introducción: Los diuréticos forman parte del tratamiento antihipertensivo actual con efectividad e impacto clínico demostrados. Sin embargo, los efectos de estos fármacos sobre el remodelado de la pared arterial en la hipertensión arterial (HTA) han sido poco evaluados. Objetivos: Determinar y comparar el efecto de Hidroclorotiazida (HCTZ) y de Espironolactona (ESP) en la hipertrofia de la pared aórtica en la HTA experimental. Metodología: Estudio comparativo en 4 grupos experimentales. Se utilizaron ratas Sprague Dawley macho de 150 +/- 10 grs. unifrectomizadas tratadas con desoxicorticosterona Acetato (DOCA, 100 mg/Kg/sem sbc) por 6 semanas. Como controles (Sham) se usaron ratas unifrectomizadas. A partir de la tercera semana con DOCA se administró diuréticos en dos grupos adicionales durante 3 semanas. Uno recibió HCTZ (6 mg/ kg/día) y otro ESP (100 mg/Kg/dia), vía gavage. Al finalizar los tratamientos se determinó la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), masa corporal (MC), peso del corazón (PC) y masa cardiaca relativa (MCR). El grado de hipertrofia de la pared aórtica se determinó midiendo el grosor de la túnica media (GTM), área de la túnica media (ATM), área luminal (AL) y la relación ATM/AL en cortes teñidos con hematoxilina-eosina. Resultados: En las ratas DOCA no tratadas hubo un aumento significativo de PAS (51 por ciento), MCR (79 por ciento), ATM (44 por ciento), GTM (57 por ciento), y de la razón ATM/AL (43 por ciento) respecto al grupo Sham. Ambos tratamientos (Hctz y Esp) redujeron en forma muy importante y significativamente la PAS, MCR, ATM, GTM y la razón ATM/AL en magnitudes similares y también por cada mm de Hg de descenso de la PAS logrado. Conclusión: Además del efecto antihipertensivo, tanto hidroclorotiazida como espironolactona previenen y/o revierten en magnitud similar el desarrollo de hipertrofia de la pared aórtica en este modelo de HTA experimental.

Aims: To determine and compare the effects of hydrochlorotiazide (Hctz) and spironolactone (Esp) on hypertrophy of the aortic wall in experimental hypertension. Methods: This was a comparative study with 4 experimental groups. We used male. uninephrectomized Sprague Dawley rats (150 +/- 10 grs) treated with des-oxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA, 100 mg/Kg/week sbc) during 6 weeks. As controls uninephrectomized rats (Sham) were used. Starting from the third week with DOCA, two groups recived diuretics by gavage during 3 weeks. One group received Hctz (6 mg/kg/ day) and other group received Sp (100 mg/kg/day). At the end of the study, systolic blood pressure (SBP), body weight, heart weight and relative cardiac weight were measured. Hypertrohy in the aortic wall was assessed by measuring the media thickness (MT), media area (MA), lumen area (LA) and by the AM/LA ratio on hematoxyline-eosine stained cross sections. Results: Compared to the Sham group, in the untreated hypertensive DOCA group, SBP and relative cardiac weight increased significantly (by 51 percent and 79 percent, respectively), MA increased by 44 percent, as well as MT (57 percent) and the AM/LA ratio (43 percent). Both treatments (Hctz and Sp) reduced importantly and significantly SBP, relative cardiac mass as well as MT, MA and the AM/LA ratio at a similar extent and by mm Hg. Conclusion: Besides the antihypertensive effect, both hydrochlorotiazide and spironolactone prevent and/or regress aortic wall hypertrophy in this experimental model of hypertension.

Tratamento da hipertrofia muscular mastigatória com toxina botulínica tipo A / Masticatory muscles hypertrophy treatment with botulinum toxin type A

O tratamento da hipertrofia do músculo masseter e/ou temporal engloba métodos conservadores e cirúrgicos. A terapia com Toxina Botulínica Tipo A surgiu como um método alternativo de tratamento conservador. O propósito deste estudo foi revisar as características da Toxina Botulínica e os resultados de sua aplicação no tratamento da hipertrofia muscular mastigatória.

The treatment of the masseter and/or temporal muscles hypertrophy can be based on conservative and surgical approaches. The use of Botulinum Toxin A arised as an alternative conservative treatment. The purpose ofthe following study was to review Botulinum Toxin Type A characteristics and the results of its application in the treatment of masticatory muscles hypertrophy.

Myocardial Protective Effect of Tezosentan, an Endothelin Receptor Antagonist, for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Experimental Heart Failure Models

The myocardial protective effects of endothelin antagonist in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICMP), doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DOX) and pressure-overload hypertrophy by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) models have been predicted to be different. The objective of this experiment, therefore, is to evaluate the myocardial protective effect of tezosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in various experimental heart failure models. Sprague-Dawley rats (6-8 weeks old, 200-300 g) were randomized to three experimental groups (n=30 each): ICMP; DOX; and TAC group. Each of these groups was randomly assigned further to the following subgroups (n=10 each): sham-operated ischemia-reperfusion subgroup (SHAM); tezosentan treated ischemia-reperfusion subgroup (Tezo); and tezosentan non-treated ischemia-reperfusion subgroup (N-Tezo). Total circulatory arrest was induced for 1 hr, followed by 2 hr of reperfusion. The left ventricular developed pressure, peak positive and negative first derivatives, and coronary blood flow were significantly different (P<0.05) among the SHAM, Tezo, and N-Tezo subgroups of the ICMP group at 30 min of reperfusion, but there were no statistically significant differences among the subgroups of the DOX and TAC groups. In conclusion, tezosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, showed myocardial protection effects only on the ischemic cardiomyopathy rat model, but not in the non-ischemic heart failure rat models.

treatment of masseter hypertrophy with botulinum toxin type A

Masseter hypertrophy is a benign condition with variable causative factors, such as bruxism, temporomandibular disorders, malocclusion and others, but has an unclear etiology in the majority of cases. Surgical masseteric resection was the conventional method of treatment for the asymmetric swellings over the ramus and angle of the mandible on one or both sides, in addition to the generally unsuccessful treatments of occlusal adjustment, splint therapy, tranquilizers or others. An effective alternative was the local injection of very small doses of botulinum toxin type A into the masseter. The toxin binds permanently to the motor end plate preventing acetylcholine release causing pre-synaptic neuromuscular blockade, the muscle can be selectively weakened and local paralysis is followed by atrophy of the muscle. Four cases with their follow-up are reported. This technique provided a predictable and conservative method of treatment for this type of facial asymmetry

A study of the effect of nifedipine in reversing left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients

Using WHO hypertensive criteria; 184 patients with hypertension were chosen (102 male; 82 female); aged 58-78 years old. Other heart diseases were ruled out by physical examination; electrocardiographic examination; chest-ray and echocardiography. All the cases had one or more criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH): Interventricular septal thickness at diastole; left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end diastole and left ventricular mass index. The findings in this study imply that it is good practise to include nifedipine in the treatment regimen of patients whose hypertension is complicated with LVH and (or) ischaemic heart disease